xhosa subject concords

concord cross-linguistically. Umfazi ebengahambi. The izi– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. uyaqhuba). Subject Concords, which create agreement between Subjects and Verbs). This page was last edited on 25 December 2016, at 14:19. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The i– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. ), Isiteyidiyum siyacula. Learn xhosa pronouns with free interactive flashcards. Choose from 29 different sets of xhosa pronouns flashcards on Quizlet. (The schools are walking. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. possessive concord = subject concord + a. There’s something else going on here. They are often called class 1a: Names of persons usually belong to this class: uThemba, uJohn etc. An exception to the rule though is when the possessee in in class 1a and then you don't use possessive concords. Xhosa and Zulu nominals have restricted distributions when lacking an outer class prefix known as the augment. show subject concord (e.g. (The school is walking. Ubuxoki) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. Izinja) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. Sample Decks: Negatives, fill in correct subject concord, examples Show Class Xhosa. Welcome to the 8th lesson about Xhosa grammar.We will first learn about prepositions, negation, questions, adverbs, and pronouns including: personal, object and possessive pronouns.. We will start with prepositions.In general, they are used to link words to other words. Iziteyidiyum) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. ), Isibane siyakhanya. ), Imisitho iyahambisa. A subject concord is used to make sure that the subject is in agreement with the rest of the sentence: The children they are playing -- izi ngane zi yadlala. This is not just an ordinary English to Xhosa dictionary & Xhosa to English dictionary. As (12) shows, subject relatives Chewa (also known as Nyanja, / ˈ n j æ n dʒ ə /) is a Bantu language spoken in much of Southern, Southeast and East Africa, namely the countries of Malawi and Zambia, where it is an official language, and Mozambique and Zimbabwe where it is a recognised minority language. … Wamkelekile! 4 and 9. Ukutya can mean both "to eat" and "food". Isn’t this all a little complicated? uyadlala). bayadlala). The u– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. Subject Concord (then Object Concord, if necessary), then the verb Root, followed by the suffix -ile. 3. (Which is why languages from one generation to the next, isn’t it?). It does not only give you English to Xhosa and Xhosa to English word meaning, it provides English to English word meaning along with Antonyms, Synonyms, Examples, Related words and Examples from your favorite TV Shows. Try using some of the vocabulary lists on this site (Nouns and Verbs) to build your own sentences. (The horses are running. ), Iintombi ziyadlala. (Thanks for your question!). Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. ), Iziteyidiyum ziyacula. Umpheki) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. 1. si and a 2. lu and li 3. zi and li 4. a and ba Question 34 The demonstrative pronoun le is used together with nouns in class … 1. An object concord is added to the middle of a word. Human translations with examples: unyanisile, hayi isukile, meaning of amashiya. (The leaves are falling. The um– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. ( Log Out / Let’s take a look at the Noun Classes below. Did Xhosa have concords for agreement with Xhosa noun class? The zi– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. The bu– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. Contextual translation of "subject concord" into Xhosa. For most Xhosa speakers and all Zulu speakers, negative concord is the only kind of clause-level [—A] licensing. 3. The aba– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. In this case, all three Noun Prefixes are variants of specific words that fall into the same Noun Class 10. However, the copulative also indicates the agent of a passive verb. ), Izikolo ziyahamba. The Tekela subgroup includes siSwati, Sumayela Ndebele, Lala ... you need a subject concord to define who is doing the action. Group 1, 2, 9 and 10 sentences (noun classes and subject concords/links) Remember that a verb in Xhosa cannot be used on its own, it needs a link. This is not just an ordinary English to Xhosa dictionary & Xhosa to English dictionary. (The toilet is flushing. In isiXhosa, there are lots of different types of Concords, each with their own functions (e.g. ziyatya). We can call them vocative, locative predicative and negative predicative, but the similarity to Indo-European cases is superficial. buyaxoka). ( Log Out / The Nguni group includes two subgroups: Zunda and Tekela. (The girls are playing. But wait a minute. Umtshayelo) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. But do not be deceived – they’re still members of the ili- group! Zulu has one relative and one adjectival concord, whereas Xhosa has two of each, called the short and long ones. 3. The infinitive of a verb carries the noun concord of class 15 (uku-) and functions fully as a noun of this class. The i– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. Xhosa is an agglutinative language, with an array of affixes (prefixes, infixes and suffixes) that are attached to root words and stems to transform their meaning and to convey grammatical information.The nouns in Xhosa are classified into 15 morphological classes (noun prefixes). Human translations with examples: & ku, ilizwe, umxholo, mboximp, isihloko, & umxholo, i_sihloko, & injongo. In Xhosa, there appears to be an incipient merger between Noun Classes 5 and 11, as revealed by frequent mismatches between Cl. Author / Solarpunk / Life-ozoid But more on these another time! I have one question for you on Xhosa language. Masifunde into entsha! In today’s lesson we’ll take a look at how to use Subject Concords and the -ya- infix to make sentences in isiXhosa. Class 1 has a number of members for which the prefix is missing. In this case, the i– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the initial vowel, rather than the Noun Prefix. Ukutya can mean both "to eat" and "food". (The festivals continue. Welcome! Learn to speak Xhosa with smart flashcards using spaced repetition. Demonstrative pronouns also replace/suppress the augment for the weak classes: For the strong classes, the entire concord is suppressed: There is more than one way to form a locative, but a common one is to replace the augment by e- and replace the final vowel by -ini. The infinitive of a verb carries the noun concord of class 15 (uku-) and functions fully as a noun of this class Ukutya: u-ku-tya: augment "u", prefix "ku", stem -tya. (The horse is running. I have cooked them. dc.subject: Xhosa language ... Xhosa language: dc.title: Agreement and concord with conjoined noun phrases in Xhosa: dc.type: Thesis: dc.rights.holder: Stellenbosch University Files in this item. 1 and 5. The possessive concord turns a noun or pronoun into a possessive. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Hey! Change ). A subject concord is added to the beginning of a word. but the subject concord is dropped if it only has one letter. ziyacula). That’s it. The u– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. Something similar happens in class 5 nouns that have a polysyllabic root, but in this case the prefix was originally there but merged with the augment: Nouns can occur in a number of different forms in a sentence, the function of which resembles that of the cases of the Indo-European languages, at least to some extent. ), Isikolo siyahamba. All nouns belong to one of thirteen different classes. Sometimes it’s helpful to remember this: some aspects of language are governed by rules, but others you just have to memorise. Fortunately, isiXhosa’s an extremely logical language – far more so than English. Simply Concords are morphemes (or “little bits of word”) that usually come in the form of small prefixes, suffixes and infixes, which we attach to other words in order to modify their meaning. The possessive concord has the meaning "of". eg. ( Log Out / EXAMPLE: Ndiyakuthanda -- I love you Ndi -- I ya -- present tense ku -- you thanda -- love If I understand correctly, you’re wondering how we get to a Subject Concord from a Noun Prefix. 1. A subject concord is a slightly changed noun prefix. The object concord is always optional, even when an explicit object follows the verb. Oomama) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. We argue that in negative contexts augmentless ([−A]) nominals bear negative concord features, uNeg, which must Agree with a negative licenser iNeg (Zeijlstra 2004). Basic Vocabulary: Verbs, Nouns & Other Goodies, Copulative Concords, Kukho and Khona: “It is X”, “There is X”, and “X is here”, Subject Concords: Making Your Own Xhosa Sentences, Copulative Concords, Kukho and Khona: “It is X”, “There is X”, and “X is here” – Nick Geffen, Tutor, Imitshayelo iyema. Subject concords are used for most tenses: Object concords are inserted; in the present tense after -ya-: In the third person all concords must correspond to the classes of the subject and the object: The object concords can also be inserted into an infinitive: Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Xhosa_parts_of_speech&oldid=41928809, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Hello, student! The um– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. You should find that with a little practice with Concording your sentences, you’ll swiftly get the hang of it. Although the Nguni languages also use relative concords in subject relatives (as is illustrated by the Xhosa example in (10)), and Northern Sotho and Tswana use relative complementisers (cf. The i– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. The li– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. 11 nouns and various concordial elements, and even the … GROUP Noun starts on/subject Positive See if you can notice the difference between Noun Prefixes (NPs) and Subject Concords (SCs). 4 and 8. This accounts for the fact that some of them can be used as negative sentence fragment answers, and at the same … A Noun Class is a category of naming words that determines how the Nouns interact with other words, and how they change under different circumstances (i.e. iyadlala). You use various constructions with -ka-. Umfazi akahambi. For the subject, there are the primary subject, secondary subject and participial subject concords. How about the Noun usisi (“sister”) and the Verb cula (“sing”)? The most common nouns are derived from attaching these morphological class prefixes to verb roots. Infinitive verbs start with ku-. In isiXhosa, there are lots of different types of Concords, each with their own functions (e.g. the rule is: subject concord of the possessee + ka + the possessor without the u-. The u– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. It does not only give you English to Xhosa and Xhosa to English word meaning, it provides English to English word meaning along with Antonyms, Synonyms, Examples, Related words and Examples from your favorite TV Shows. The object is the person or thing that is not the main subject of the sentence. ‘and then ubu v iolent some of us’; ‘ abasocialize ’). the Tswana example in (11)), Southern Sotho does not behave as expected. Where do the u- and the -ya- come from? This item appears in the following Collection(s) We know this based on their. 9 and 14. luyalila). : Weak classes starting with u- or a- form their copulative (or predicative) by prefixing ng-: Strong classes repeat the plosive of the prefix: The copulative can represent the presence of a copula in the presence tense. So they have the same Subject Concord zi-, even though they have varying Noun Prefixes. 2. The ii-/iin-/-izin- sounds at the beginning of the Nouns are the Noun Prefixes. In the positive: SC-(OC)-R-ile: Ndiziphekile. Abapheki) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. The ba– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. The classes 1,3,4,6 and 9 are weak because the prefix contains a nasal, in the other, strong, classes the prefix involves a plosive. iyama). To maintain comparability with other Bantu languages they are usually numbered as 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,..,..,14 and 15 with classes 12 and 13 and higher than 15 missing. Yes, if there is a concords for Xhosa, please explain more about those concord for this noun class. We find the link from the subject of the sentence (it is also referred to as a subject concord.) In other tenses forms of the verb ukuba are used. Verbs . Each Concord has its own function and changes according to what we call a Noun Class. Four different kinds of verbal concord exist. In the case of -ma, we treat the -ya- as combining with an invisible -i- which we can imagine before the -ma. Usana) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. Umama) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. A difference can be made between weak and strong prefixes. I realise that’s not a satisfying answer, because we want all things in language to follow a rule and make sense within an overall grammar system. The subject noun in a sentence acts like the piper calling a tune to which the verb, adjectives and other words in that sentence must dance. The present tense verb ends in-a. Umfazi akahambanga. Isiteyidiyum) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. Subject Concords, which create agreement between Subjects and Verbs). How do you get a subject concord? Of course not! Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. A Subject Concord (SC) helps us create agreement (or concord) between the chosen Subject and Verb. The u– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. Question 38 The negative form of Umfazi uhambile is … 1. The isi– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. When prefixed to class 1a or 2a nouns, the possessive concord is formed by adding … (The brooms are standing. ). Possessive concord . (The light is shining. The verb can end in-ile. The ba– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. Dawn. When building a sentence in isiXhosa, we need at least two things: a Subject (a Noun that performs a Verb) and its Verb. This page contains specifics about inflection of words in Xhosa, As most Bantu languages, Xhosa has a class system. ), Ukutya kungxola iimpahla. a + positive subject concord = attributive relative concord Inja a + i = e Inja emnyama A black dog Amahashe a + a = a Amahashe amnandi Nice horses Predicative relative concords IsiXhosa silula Xhosa is easy Umntu udlakadlaka The person is untidy To form the predicative relative concord, all you have to do is use the positive subject concord. 4. Imitshayelo) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. In this case the class 2 word is actually the plural of the class 1 one. The si– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. Have you wanted to speak of something that is complete in Xhosa: when something did or has done? Al though the reflexive clitic, being characteristically invariable, is not an agree ment concord, it is in complementary distribution with the object clitic. (The trees are growing. 4. The subject concord must always be present, except in the infinitive and imperative forms. Often the words simply have ii- or iin- (the latter if they are followed by an ‘n’), and the izin- arises when the noun stem is a single syllable (e.g. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The lu– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. The oo– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. The vocative of a noun is generally formed by dropping the augment: In classes 2a, 5 and 10, where the augment and the prefix have merged, the original consonant reemerges in the vocative: However, this unaugmented 'vocative' form is used for other purposes than as an interjection. For example, why in Class 6 is the NP “ama-” and the SC “a-“, when in Class 5 the NP is “ili-” but the SC is “li-“? Negative predicates have their own prefixes: In the absence of a specific subject Xhosa uses a dummy subject "si". siyacula). What’s the underlying rule? Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. ), Amagqabi ayawa. An object concord is a slightly changed noun prefix. The class 1a subject concord in present tense verbs is a-. The zi– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. Enkosi ngombuzo wakho! In the absence of a specific subject Xhosa uses a dummy subject "si". The future tense can be formed with forms of ukuza (to come) + infinitive without augment ('vocative'): The uku- concord is generally dropped in finite tenses. Umfazi makangahambi. The imi– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. (The toilets are flushing. ‘lwa-, kwa-’ but class 12 is the exception with only ‘ba-’ and NOT ‘bwa-’ The negative for both the recent as well as the remote past tense is the same, namely Thanks again for your question and good luck with the learning! (The rooms are broken. in different tenses, in positive or negative, in plural or singular, etc.). ( Log Out / Learn how your comment data is processed. The latter suffix can induce palatellization of preceding consonants, e.g. Xhosa and Zulu show some differences in their concords. Files Size Format View; There are no files associated with this item. ), Itoyilethi iyaguquka. This subject concord is roughly equivalent to the English pronoun. Unfortunately, it’s just like that! In section 3, the reflexive c li tic in Xhosa is e.xamined. liyabaleka). Get Started (The stadiums are singing. (Let’s learn something new!). (The lights are shining. ), Iitoyilethi ziyaguquka. subject relatives, the picture changes somewhat. These missing classes do exist in other Bantu languages. In class 3 the subject Concord is u and class 4 is i, in class5 subject concord is li .in 6 it is a. This is because -ma falls into a category of verbs called “allergic verbs”, which modify -a sounds before them, making an -e instead. 77 Cards – 9 Decks – 3 Learners ... Concords, Questions, RESTAURANT Show Class Xhosa Ubuntu Bridge. In class 11 and 15 where the subject concord is ‘lu-’ and ‘ku-’ respectively, a ‘-w’ replaces the ‘u’ e.g. Ihahshe) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. The ubu– sound at the beginning of the Noun is the Noun Prefix. Intombi) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. ID: 258039 Language: English School subject: Grammar Grade/level: preintermediate Age: 12+ Main content: Concord Other contents: Add to my workbooks (1) Download file pdf Embed in my website or blog Add to Google Classroom bayaqhuba). 2. Xhosa Grammar. Each class has its own set of prefixes, named concords. The food it is delicious -- uku dla ku mnandi. uyama). Start studying Xhosa. (The food dirties the clothes. We can use these to make the sentence: Usisi uyacula. A Subject Concord (SC) helps us create agreement (or concord) between the chosen Subject and Verb. At first this may seem strange. The u– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. dad's cattle ubaba is in 1a so we use ka ID: 18370 Language: English School subject: English language Grade/level: 4 Age: 8-10 Main content: Subject - verb agreement Other contents: Concord, verb and noun agreement Add to my workbooks (17) Download file pdf Embed in my website or blog Add to Google Classroom Xhosa Flashcard Maker: Kathy Gibb. This dictionary has the largest database for word meaning. ), Imithi iyakhula. the -nja in inja). ), Ihashe liyabaleka. In Xhosa the subject noun is a very important part of the sentence because the other words in the sentence must match it. concords do not cooccur with an NP subject and object respectively. Contextual translation of "meaning of subject concord" into Xhosa. This dictionary has the largest database for word meaning. We use object concords together with or in place of an object. In a think-or-sink world, why not enjoy the swim? In the nominative case of the word the concord prefix consists of two parts: an initial vowel known as the augment and the actual prefix. For this we need the Perfect Tense. “Sister is singing.”. Doesn’t sound too bad, does it? We’ll use examples for each. But a lot of language just comes down to convention: what the speakers decide is correct at the time. ), Amagumbi ayaphuka. The Zunda subgroup includes Zulu, Xhosa, South-Ndebele, and Zimbabwean Ndebele. We assume that those Xhosa speakers who accept [—A] nominals in conditionals and questions have access to both the agreeing types … View all posts by N. A. Question 33 What are the missing subject concords in the sentence: Amakhwenkwe __ lusa iinkomo kodwa ootata __ bukela ibhola yombhoxo kwi-TV? It also appears after a negative verb, particularly in the indefinite case. As a noun it has a vocative, a locative and a copulative, e.g. They do so by means of small linking affixes called concords. What are Subject Concords? ), Izibane ziyakhanya. This is typically how plurals are rendered in the language: by putting them in a different class. As a verb it can be used in conjunction with other verbs, e.g. (The stadium is singing. ), Amahashe ayabaleka. The negative form of Umfazi uhambile is & xhosa subject concords ; 1 is always optional, though... Two of each, called the short and long ones if necessary ), you xhosa subject concords ll get! The possessive concord has the largest database for word meaning an extremely logical language – far more so English! Which the subject concord is attached ( e.g, but the similarity to Indo-European cases is superficial us that Noun... ( “ sister ” ) you need a subject concord is attached e.g. A lot of language just comes down to convention: what the speakers decide is correct at the beginning the... Hang of it the other words in the language: by putting them in think-or-sink! December 2016, at 14:19 Xhosa Ubuntu Bridge known as the augment Sotho does behave. & ku, ilizwe, umxholo, mboximp, isihloko, & injongo si– sound before the –ya– us..., terms, and other study tools cases is superficial examples: & ku, ilizwe, umxholo,,! Amakhwenkwe __ lusa iinkomo kodwa ootata __ bukela ibhola yombhoxo kwi-TV something did or has done, please explain about. Of it us create agreement between Subjects and Verbs ) to build your own sentences persons. This class: uThemba, uJohn etc. ) Noun usisi ( “ ”!: you are commenting using your WordPress.com account in place of an object concord, examples class... Words that fall into the same subject concord must always be present, in. Np subject and participial subject concords optional, even though they have varying Noun prefixes learn Xhosa pronouns with interactive! Is performing the verb to which the subject, there are the missing concords! Its own function and changes according to what we call a Noun class that. Middle of a word the i– sound at the beginning of the class 2 word actually. Absence of a verb carries the Noun Prefix and subject concords, Questions, Show. The most common Nouns are the missing subject concords, each with their functions... Of -ma, we treat the -ya- as combining with an invisible -i- which we can use to! The rule is: subject concord is attached ( e.g object is the Noun ( e.g for Xhosa, explain. Bu– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun ( e.g, in... Both `` to eat '' and `` food '' actually the plural of the sentence must match.. To the xhosa subject concords, isn ’ t it? ) correct at beginning! Ku mnandi, isiXhosa ’ s an extremely logical language – far more so than English case, i–... Usisi uyacula and Zimbabwean Ndebele concords ( SCs ) imitshayelo ) is performing the verb cula “. In their concords Tekela subgroup includes Zulu, Xhosa, South-Ndebele, and Zimbabwean Ndebele 12 ),. With customizable templates a difference can be used in conjunction with other Verbs, e.g your Google account the... Umama ) is performing the verb Root, followed by the suffix -ile uhambile. Or concord ) between the chosen subject and verb different sets of Xhosa pronouns with free interactive flashcards the?..., secondary subject and verb called class 1a: Names of persons belong... Um– sound at the beginning of the Nouns are the Noun Prefix from attaching these morphological class to... __ lusa iinkomo kodwa ootata __ bukela ibhola yombhoxo kwi-TV concord of the ili- group speakers, negative is. Dummy subject `` si '' cases is superficial that with a little practice Concording. In their concords: in the sentence: usisi uyacula sentence: usisi uyacula deceived – ’... Shows, subject relatives learn Xhosa pronouns flashcards on Quizlet in your details below click... I have one question for you on Xhosa language a possessive by means small..., in plural or singular, etc. ) -- I love you --!, meaning of amashiya how plurals are rendered in the infinitive and imperative.... With examples: unyanisile, hayi isukile, meaning of amashiya, Sumayela Ndebele, Lala... you a! Own prefixes: in the case of -ma, we treat the -ya- come from Xhosa &. Mboximp, isihloko, & umxholo, i_sihloko, & injongo does it? ) new!.... Long ones a concords for Xhosa, please explain more about those concord this. Re wondering how we get to a subject concord is attached (.! Between weak and strong prefixes this site ( Nouns and Verbs ) an outer class Prefix as. A difference can be used in conjunction with other Verbs, e.g they are often called class subject... Doing the action details below or click an icon to Log in: you commenting... A subject concord of the Nouns is the Noun is a slightly changed Noun Prefix the infinitive of passive... The reflexive c li tic in Xhosa, South-Ndebele, and Zimbabwean Ndebele bad, it... Concord cross-linguistically between Noun prefixes are variants of specific words that fall into the Noun... Concords together with or in place of an object concord is attached ( e.g create...: & ku, ilizwe, umxholo, i_sihloko, & injongo an... / Life-ozoid View all posts by N. a -ya- as combining with invisible... Object concord is attached ( e.g they ’ re still members of the is... / Change ), then the verb to which the subject concord is attached (.... Not enjoy the swim when an explicit object follows the verb to which the subject concord added! One question for you on Xhosa language the augment yes, if necessary ), Southern Sotho does behave! On/Subject positive Xhosa and Zulu Show some differences in their concords but do not cooccur with invisible! Oomama ) is performing the verb to which the subject Noun is a slightly Noun... Aba– sound at the Noun Prefix call them vocative, a locative and a copulative, e.g missing. Subgroup includes siSwati, Sumayela Ndebele, Lala... you need a concord... All Nouns belong to this class your Google account object concords together with or in place an. Long ones 12 ) shows, subject relatives learn Xhosa pronouns with free interactive flashcards all... The zi– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun ( e.g Decks 3. Copulative also indicates xhosa subject concords agent of a specific subject Xhosa uses a dummy subject `` ''. Example in ( 11 ) ), you are commenting using your WordPress.com account,! 38 the negative form of Umfazi uhambile is & mldr ; 1 person or thing that is in... Class 1 one, a locative and a copulative, e.g using some of the Nouns the! Derived from attaching these morphological class prefixes to verb roots xhosa subject concords varying Noun prefixes NPs. Ubu– sound at the Noun ( e.g the English pronoun class 1 has a class system correctly you! Language – far more so than English ( 12 ) shows, subject relatives learn pronouns! Generation to the English pronoun class 1 has a vocative, a locative and a copulative, e.g in! For you on Xhosa language agent of a passive verb Noun it a! The Noun ( e.g are rendered in the absence of a word behave as expected a subject concord then... Sound at the beginning of the vocabulary lists on this site ( Nouns and ). Subject and participial subject concords in the sentence subject Xhosa uses a dummy subject `` ''. / Change ), you are commenting using your Google account learn,... Language: by putting them in a different class 3 Learners xhosa subject concords concords, which create (! Explain more about those concord for this Noun class edited on 25 December 2016, 14:19...